The book systematically describes the main aspects of the surface chemistry of inorganic nanoparticles - metals, oxides, halides, semiconductors, nanodiamond, graphene, carbon nanotubes. Features of nanoparticles surface structure, their reactivity, synthesis of grafted surface compounds are described. Both already known and promising areas of practical use of surface-modified nanoparticles, associates and conjugates of nanoparticles with biologically active and medicinal substances are considered: selective adsorption, chemical and biochemical analysis, pharmacology, bioimaging, magnetic resonance imaging, catalysis, flotation, etc.