The textbook is distinguished by its simplicity of presentation, impartiality and depth of analysis of complex problems. This publication successfully combines historical facts and economic analysis of economic development processes. Particular attention is paid to essential economic processes and the features of their manifestation in various countries at the most important stages of economic development. The educational publication will help students learn economic terminology, and also contributes to the development of the skills of "volumetric vision" of socio-economic processes necessary for making competent decisions in practice.