Classic and new topical problems of the theory of flight of aircraft are considered, including launch vehicles and spacecraft, descent vehicles, ballistic missiles and their warheads, interplanetary vehicles, reusable space transport systems, air-launch missile systems, etc. The relationship of optimal control laws in model problems of ballistics with real guidance algorithms in aircraft control systems is shown. Terminal guidance algorithms are examined in detail for various phases of the trajectory, from the active section to descent in the atmosphere and landing. The principles of constructing robust guidance algorithms that can adapt to actual flight conditions are also discussed.