The monograph is devoted to the key problems of Russian history - modernization and the 1917 revolution, which are studied in an interdisciplinary manner and in a new perspective. The book made a comparative analysis of imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet modernizations in terms of their similarity, difference and continuity. To understand the prerequisites, causes and course of the revolution, the question of the social nature, psychological appearance and position of the Russian workers and their role in the revolutionary movement was considered.