The textbook attempts to restore psychology in the role and function of an integral part of culture and civilization, giving it the status of a profession, and not the narrow specialty that it became in Soviet times. The textbook is an experience aimed at expanding the professional consciousness of psychologists. Therefore, its center was cultural and historical psychology and psychological theory of activity, enriched by the traditions of the Silver Age of Russian culture. It is intended for senior students, graduate students and teachers of philosophical and psychological faculties of universities and can be useful in preparing for courses "Developmental Psychology," "General Psychology," "History and Methodology of Psychology," "Thinking and Artificial Intelligence."