The last book of the outstanding scientist of our time, academician D.S. Likhachev, is the result of a comprehensive study of a thousand-year-old Russian culture and its historiosophical understanding. Academician D.S. Likhachev defends the humanistic concept of a single cultural space, substantiates the European orientation of Russian culture, which has absorbed Christian values, and at the same time reveals the nature of Russia's national identity, manifested in the canons of the original Russian aesthetics, in Orthodox religious practice. This book, problematic and deeply personal, will give every Russian a consciousness of involvement in great culture and responsibility for the fate of Russia.