he subject of integrated navigation systems covered in this book is designed for those directly involved with the design, integration, and test and evaluation of navigation systems. It is assumed that the reader has a background in mathematics, including calculus. Integrated navigation systems is the combination of an onboard navigation solution (position, velocity, and attitude) and independent navigation data (aids to navigation) to update or correct navigation solutions. In this book, this combination is accomplished with Kalman filter algorithms. This presentation is segmented into two parts. In the first part, elements of basic mathematics, kinematics, equations describing navigation systems sensors and their error models, aids to navigation, and Kalman filtering are developed. Detailed derivations are presented and examples are given to aid in the understanding of these elements of integrated navigation systems. Problems are included to expand the application of the materials presented. The second edition includes software, additional background material and exercises, and additional applications. Selected Chapter, Section, and Exercise related software is provided in a companion CD-ROM to enhance the learning experience of the reader. The included software has been developed using MATLAB Simulink(TM) version 6.5 by The MathWorks, Inc. Additional material includes: integrating navigation aides for a navigation system's vertical axis; exercises that broaden the scope of problems encountered in integrated navigation systems; and the general problem of attitude determination and estimation whether for terrestrial or space applications. This edition provides a more complete foundation for addressing the different aspects of integrated navigation systems.