The textbook examines the stages of formation and the main directions of biotechnology, presents the objects of biotechnology and the characteristics of plant, animal, bacterial and yeast cells, discloses such concepts as the technological process of production, technological scheme of production, technological operation, technological regime, considers the general biotechnological scheme of production of microbial synthesis products, as well as the scientific foundations of biotechnological processes. The textbook is intended for bachelors studying in the direction of "Biotechnology," training profile "Food biotechnology."