The main topics of the course of economic theory defined by the state educational standard of higher professional education are presented. The subject, functions and methodology of modern economic theory, basic concepts of production and reproduction, market organization of the economy, microeconomics and macroeconomics are considered. The key issues of economic and social development of Russia, as well as the patterns of development of the modern world economy are covered. A brief dictionary of the main economic terms is given. For university students studying economic disciplines, as well as for a wide range of people interested in economic issues.