During the 1970s, thousands of American women met regularly in small groups to talk about the injustices they experienced in their private lives and how those personal injustices related to the broad-based political oppression of women. They called this cultural work and "consciousness raising. and " Women's and feminist fiction of the 1970s was dominated by a new kind of novel whose content and form were shaped by the practice of consciousness-raising. Lisa Maria Hogeland contends that consciousness-raising novels both reflected and furthered the Women's Liberation Movement's analyses of sexuality, gender, race, and political responsibility and that through their narrative structure the novels actually engaged in consciousness-raising with their readers. Using a broad range of fiction - including works by Erica Jong, Marilyn French, Marge Piercy, Alix Kates Shulman, Alison Lurie, Joanna Russ, and Joan Didion - Hogeland explores the ways in which consciousness-raising novels addressed some of the most important questions raised by second-wave feminism.