From data based on tenant reaction to services performed for it by members of the bureaucracy Dr Hassan moved the usual discussion away from what constitutes modernization to a consideration of the impact of this kind of change on the peoples involved While his study is limited both in time and scope it is valuable both for its focus and analysis The paper is a revised version of the one presented at the conference In this version Dr Hassan has responded to the criticism raised at the international meeting and has carried his analysis further than he did in the original version