The monograph discusses the search for the best explanation of the world and the way to learn it in the teachings of the early Greek philosophers (Milesian school, Heraclitus, Empedocles), offers an analysis of two types of argumentation - based on differences (polarity) and on the basis of similarity (analogy), forms and specific examples of the use of such argumentation characteristic of pre-Socratics. Monistic and pluralistic interpretations of early Greek philosophical teachings are discussed. The book is addressed to those interested in the history of philosophy, the history of scientific search, ancient culture, the history of logic and argumentation; teachers, graduate students and students of humanities.