Since his pioneering article in 1976 the American historian Robert P. Brenner has tried to come to terms with an issue that has puzzled historians for how can we explain the differences in growth-patterns of North Western European countries in the transition from feudalism to capitalism. In a frontal attack on both the '(homeostatic) demographic' and 'commercialization' models, Brenner traced the roots of the divergent evolutions back to rural and feudal 'social-property relations'. In the debate that immediately followed Brenner's first article, and in subsequent exchanges, the Low Countries were sorely neglected, although areas such as Flanders and Holland played a decisive role in the economic development of Europe. This was partly due to a lack of publications on Dutch rural history in foreign languages. This volume aims to fill this lacuna. It draws upon substantial research, and confronts the Brenner thesis with new results and hypotheses; and it contains a powerful and detailed response by Brenner himself. The editors. Peter Hoppenbrouwers (1954) is professor of medieval history at the University of Amsterdam. Jan Luiten van Zanden (1955) is part-time professor of economic and social history at the University of Utrecht, research fellow at the International Institute for Social History (IISG) in Amsterdam, and general secretary of the International Association of Economic History.