The monograph is a theoretical generalization of lexicographic studies conducted by the authors during the development of the New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. It consists of nine parts. The first part sets out the basic principles and concepts of the Moscow Semantic School of integral description of the language and system lexicography - the intention to reconstruct the language picture of the world, the principle of integrality, the concept of the lexeme and its integral lexicographic representation, the concept of lexicographic type. The rest of the monograph presents more specific studies of various parts of the dictionary. They reconstruct certain fragments of the language picture of the world and describe the lexicographic types serving them. This is how the description of target and yielding words, the vocabulary of etiquette and ethics, adjectives and verbs with the meaning of intellectual abilities and human actions, adjectives of size and others is performed. In the last part of the monograph, the principles and concepts developed in synchronous semantics are used to solve a number of key problems from the field of diachronic semantics.