The monograph explores the main stages of Russia's policy in Poland from the beginning of the Seven Years War to the conclusion in 1768 of the Russian-Polish treaty on the "guarantee" of the state and estate system of the Commonwealth. The development of Polish-Russian relations of this period is considered in the context of the internal policy of the Polish-Lithuanian state and international relations in Europe. The status of guarantor of the "Polish constitution," acquired with the help of conservative magnates and under the threat of the use of military force, meant for the government of Catherine II a formal recognition of the dependence of the gentry republic on the Russian Empire, the preservation of political anarchy in Poland and the elimination of the influence of other great powers in the Commonwealth.