What is "traditional Islam" in modern Russia? According to the authors of the collective monograph, this concept is an artificial construct used by the state to refer to the post-Soviet model of state-confessional relations. One of its main signs is a demonstration of the loyalty of religious organizations and believers to the political regime in the country. Those who criticize the state can be attributed by the authorities and official religious institutions to representatives of the so-called "unconventional Islam." What does this division entail? The book considers not only the history of the concept and general theoretical aspects of the concept of traditional Islam, but also, most valuable, its regional character in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Crimea.