In a single decade, between 1940 and 1950, the old world order collapsed, and a new one was created. Old Europeanempires - France, Germany and the United Kingdom - receded, replaced by two new the Soviet Unionand the United States. This shift in power was accompanied by efforts to create a new form of internationalism, working through multilateral bodies such as the United Nations, the IMF and the European Coal and Steel Community. New concepts emerged, like human rights and decolonisation. But there were darker shadows too, cast by the onset of the Cold the failure to establish international controls on atomic energy, or the growth of the national security state and modernintelligence apparatus. Idealism and old fashioned power politics evolved into an uneasy cohabitation.