The monograph presents the results of the study of the social structure and system of worldviews of the population of the Altai Mountains of the Scythian era. The cultural-chronological, socio-economic and religious-mythological aspects of the development of a nomadic society, reflected in domestic and foreign science, are considered and analyzed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the development of methodological foundations and methodological principles of social, worldview, mental and other reconstructions in archeology, based on the involvement of a wide range of sources.