The work examines the history of the economy and the social structure of the Bashkir people in the 18th-19th centuries. The features of the transition from semi-nomadic cattle breeding to settlement and agriculture, the features of the social structure of Bashkir society, as well as the fragmentation of the community and the decomposition of communal land ownership are revealed in more detail. The book is designed for teachers and students studying the history of the peoples of the republic.