Misuse of identity especially through stolen passwords is a primary source for cyber breaches Enabling stronger processes to recognize a user s identity is a key component to securing an organization s information systems Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 HSPD 12 mandated deployment of a common identity credential in 2004 which resulted in Personal Identity Verification PIV Cards and their supporting infrastructure The goal was to eliminate wide variations in the quality and security of authentication mechanisms used across federal agencies as reported in chapter 1 Chapter 2 provides requirements for enrollment and identity proofing of applicants that wish to gain access to resources at each Identity Assurance Level IAL The requirements detail the acceptability validation and verification of identity evidence that will be presented by a subscriber to support their claim of identity