This monograph is the last book of V.I. Tsalkin, a kind of result of his many years of research on bone remains from archaeological excavations. Based on his own definitions of fauna from Neolithic and Eneolithic monuments in Moldova, Ukraine and the North Caucasus and widely attracting Western European literature on ancient animal husbandry, the author is trying to restore the physical appearance of domestic animals of antiquity, characterizes the importance of hunting and animal husbandry in the economic life of the Eastern European population of the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Early Bronze age, considers the problem of the origin of livestock in Eastern Europe.