The third volume of The History of the Caliphate (the first was published in 1989, the second in 1993) is dedicated to the era of fierce religious and political struggle within the Muslim state. The events considered in this volume had a decisive impact on the addition of the ideology of Shiism, although its design took place somewhat later. Abdalmalik's reforms were chosen as the upper limit of the period under consideration, marking the transformation of the Caliphate into a state with its own administrative and fiscal system.