This collection of articles is based on the results of the section on the history of Russian thought of the XXII Annual Theological Conference of PSTGU. The authors of articles from various points of view consider the two most significant areas in Russian theological thought of the 20th century. - sophiology (Vl. Soloviev, priest. P. Florensky, Prot. S. Bulgakov) and neopatristic synthesis (Prot. G. Florovsky, V.N. Lossky, etc.). Their origins in Russian religious and philosophical thought of the 19th - early are analyzed. XX century, their formation, mutual relations, significance in the history of thought in general, modern sound. Authors in many issues of understanding the history of philosophical and theological thought diverge from each other. However, they agree that the common view, according to which it is "neopatristics" that is the only true expression of Orthodox tradition, while sophiology may be of exclusively historical interest as an example of "unsuccessful" synthesis, needs to be verified, and possibly revised. It seems that such a formulation of the problem is capable of charting new ways in the study of the history of Russian thought and is of historical, philosophical, theological, and public interest.