This paper presents an analysis of the current state, the results of comprehensive studies of natural biominerals and the directions of their biomimetic modeling to obtain new nanocomposite structures and materials with given properties and characteristics. The book summarizes the many years of work of the authors and allows us to look from a single position at the problems of biomineralization in wildlife and find ways of its biomimetic modeling in relation to the prospects for the development of such a promising field of research as nano- and microphotonics.