The book is devoted to important issues of ethno-demographic, socio-economic and cultural development of the peoples of the Ural language family and their territories of residence. It was the result of the Finnish-Russian project 2005-2008 "On the situation of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation." The book finds out the main reasons for the decrease in their number, the demographic dynamics is traced. The socio-economic, ethnocultural and socio-political situation of the Urals peoples is analyzed. A significant place is given to their national and linguistic identity, other issues.