The textbook is intended for students and undergraduates of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "History" (520330, 050203, 6I0203). The purpose of the textbook is to analyze the historical literature of the Soviet and post-Soviet period on the pre-war modernization of Soviet society. The manual summarizes and systematizes historiographic material on the social structure and cultural life from 1917 to 1940. The manual contains a list of recommended literature, topics of abstracts, questions for self-work and test tasks on topics