The textbook discusses the main features of the resumption of generations and migrations at different stages of history, starting with the oldest pre-Neolithic populations; the historical upheaval in population reproduction associated with the Neolithic Revolution; features of population reproduction and migration in post-Neolithic agrarian societies, including pre-industrial Europe. Particular attention is paid to the modern demographic revolution, the formation of the modern type of reproduction of the population, its characteristic features, social, economic, cultural, political consequences.