The book explores Spinoza's logical method, which he based on his philosophical system. His views on the method of cognition are set forth in the unfinished treatise De intellectus emendatione. Defining the method as a reflective knowledge of the idea of ​ ​ substance - the nature of things, Spinoza creates a new type of logic. This is no longer formal, but substantive logic, taking into account the "order and connection of things" and practically absorbing the subject of metaphysics. Seeing "our highest benefit" in improving intelligence, Spinoza thereby turns the science of logic into ethics, the theory of knowledge into the doctrine of freedom and the meaning of human life. When reading Ethics, we must constantly take into account its logical basis. From this angle, the second part of the book critically covers the bicentennial experience of reading Spinoza in Russian philosophy and psychology.