The publication is a unique, fundamental study of the dialectics of capital (in the context of Marx criticism of political economy), which has no analogues in either foreign or domestic literature. Conceptually, it is based on K. Marx's Capital. In accordance with the structure of the first volume of this work, the publication consists of 2 parts, including eight sections. The first is devoted to goods, money and the market, the second to theories of capital, the third to the production of absolute surplus value, the fourth to the production of relative surplus value, the fifth to the production of absolute and relative surplus value, the sixth to wages, the seventh to the process of capital accumulation, the eighth to historical conditions for the emergence of capital (theoretical and practical aspects). A systematic generalization of extensive source study material is given. The discussion nature of the issues under consideration is shown, the author's vision of ways to solve them is justified. The main trends in the development of leading schools, trends and directions of world economic thought are revealed.