For the first time, the Encyclopedia of Technologies 2.0 reviews the product life cycle and provides information on the chemicals of production processes. The publication also describes a promising method for studying the thermodynamic efficiency and environmental aspects of various production processes, which consists in comparing technologies with each other or with an idealized analogue, which makes it possible to obtain a characteristic of the internal quality of the production facility as a whole, to determine the degree of its wastelessness in material and thermodynamic balance, efficiency in matter and energy.