The monograph first attempted to reconstruct the spiritual culture of the population of the Southern Urals on the basis of archaeological sources, starting with the fine art of the Paleolithic era and ending with the pre-Islamic beliefs of the Bashkirs. Ethnographic, folklore and historical sources are widely used to interpret archaeological material. The publication is equipped with a large number of illustrations. The book will be of interest to archaeologists, ethnographers, folklorists, historians and everyone who is interested in the ancient and medieval culture of Bashkortostan.