The monograph, based on a significant amount of new archival materials, shows that the nature of the social movement and the development of socio-political thought in Bessarabia in the first quarter of the 19th century determined its socio-economic reality - the process of decomposition of feudal and the origin of capitalist relations - and the influence of advanced social ideas. The social movement in Bessarabia during this period mainly went in three directions, the activities of the Chisinau organization of the Decembrists, the active support of the population for the national liberation movement that unfolded in 1821 in Moldova and Wallachia; a progressive direction in literature and education.