The book of the Russian anticologist, doctor of historical sciences, professor M.G. Abramzon is the first detailed study in modern historiography devoted to more than two hundred years of the history of the organization of the Roman province in one of the regions of Asia Minor - Cilicia. From the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, this area played an extremely important role in international relations in the Middle East and occupied a special place in the system of possessions of Rome. Based on rich factual material - information from the ancient tradition, data from epigraphy, archeology and especially numismatics - the author reconstructs in detail all the vicissitudes of historical events that took place in Cilicia during the era of "world rule" of the Romans. The book examines the history of not only those parts of Cilicia where ordinary Roman provincial administration was introduced, but also those areas of it that were left by Rome under the rule of local dynasties or transferred to the kings of a number of vassal Hellenistic states.