The monograph reflects the most important stages of the ethnic history of Abkhazians, the formation of ethnos and ethnopolitical changes in the region at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The development of the main sectors of economic activity - agriculture, subtropical fruit growing, cattle breeding, crafts; the modern socio-professional structure of the Abkhaz population was analyzed; material and spiritual culture is described - food, housing, clothing, utensils, religious beliefs, folklore, folk art.