This volume of works of the Commission of Historians of Russia and Poland presents the materials of the international scientific conference of the same name, held in Moscow in September 2013. Articles by Polish and Russian scientists examined the problems of forming ideas about the Polish uprising of 1863-1864 in the public consciousness and in the historical memory of Russia and Poland, about their change at various stages of social development, in particular in the latest Polish and Russian historiography and modern social thought of the late XX - early XXI centuries. Significant attention is paid to the fundamental issues of source study and historiography of the uprising of 1863 and the associated era in the history of Russia and Poland of the XIX century. Also considered are the specific historical problems of studying the Polish uprising of 1863-1864. A number of articles are devoted to the existence of Slavic ideology in Russia and Poland reciprocity. A significant place is given in the collection to the study of the experience of Russian-Polish scientific cooperation, in particular on the history of the 1863 uprising. For historians, political scientists and a wide range of readers.