The monograph is devoted to a number of problems related to the origin of science. The book describes the ancient and medieval period of the development of European philosophy, the relationship between philosophy and science at that time. Polemicizing with bourgeois historiographers, the author puts forward theoretically new provisions, covering a number of debatable issues: when science arose, whether science existed before the emergence of philosophy or arose with it, what function theoretical knowledge performs in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, whether experiment is possible during this period. The monograph is intended for specialists in the history of philosophy, the history of science, science, teachers of philosophy, students and graduate students of philosophical faculties, for everyone interested in this topic.