The fundamental work of the famous Slavist, specialist in the field of Russian culture and literature, philosopher and cultural scientist Professor E. A. Kostin continues his research in the field of comparing Russian and Western culture and civilization. The first part of this work is an analysis of phenomenology, theoretical and historical aspects of the prevailing cultural, mental and civilizational confrontation between the West and Russia for at least five centuries. The author seeks to give his explanation of the existing contradictions and "enmity" between the two largest civilizations of our time, analyzes the historical, cultural, religious, mental differences between them. He also reflects on the prospects and possible scenarios for the development of this opposition, gives his assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the civilizations.