The tutorial covers the basic concepts, principles and problems of general and applied ecology; built according to the type of encyclopedic dictionary: in the first part, concepts and terms are given on the basics of general ecology, in the second - on applied. 200 microstates are presented, in which modern environmental problems of both global and regional scale are considered using the latest sources (using the example of Russia). The text is complemented by 60 tables and 80 figures. The presence of a subject index and an index of geographical names will allow students and students to quickly find answers to their questions but environmental problems. The manual is intended for students of natural faculties (especially geographical and biological) universities and pedagogical institutes, for teachers of secondary schools, lyceums, colleges. It can be useful for schoolchildren, as well as for a wide range of specialists in the field of ecology, environmental management and environmental protection.