Many years of research in the archives of Poland, Lithuania and Russia allowed the Russian historian Alexander Dyukov (Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) to find documents that radically change the ideas about the leader of the Polish uprising of 1863 in Belarus and Lithuania Konstantin Kalinovsky. The most famous of the texts attributed to him, studied even in schools, turns out to be a hoax. Real letters from under the gallows are written not in Belarusian, but in Kalinovsky's native Polish - and are not a "national-political manifesto" and "testament to descendants," but appeals to his beloved and God. Instead of poorly painted and godlessly retouched cardboard, a living person appears before us for the first time.