Prepared for undergraduates and postgraduates in the course "Philosophy and Methodology of Science" in accordance with the minimum program of the candidate exam approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Belarus. Designed for in-depth study of the fundamental problems of modern philosophical knowledge. Particular attention is paid to the methodology of science. Acquaintance with modern philosophical and methodological problems of natural science, technology and socio-humanitarian knowledge will bring young scientists closer to the practice of real scientific research, disclosure of its systemic characteristics, subject and interdisciplinary connections, dynamics of types of rationality and criteria of scientificity, providing fundamental preparation for writing a Ph.D. thesis. For undergraduates, graduate students, students engaged in scientific work, university teachers, researchers.