The political treatise "Lacedaemon Politics" by the ancient Greek historian Xenophon (V-IV centuries BC) is devoted to the description of the social and political structure of ancient Sparta, the uniqueness of which was already recognized by the contemporaries of the writer. The author's open sympathies for the aristocratic Sparta and its explicit idealization led to the fact that the Lacedaemon Politia was the first step towards creating a "Spartan myth" that has survived safely to this day. The new translation of Lacedaemon Politics and an extensive historical commentary on the text, containing, among other things, the most important parallel material from other sources, was made by Professor of the History Department of St. Petersburg State University L.G. Pechatnova. The publication is addressed to teachers and students of humanitarian faculties of universities, as well as to everyone who is interested in the history of the ancient era.