History of chess, starting with Italian, Spanish and Portuguese masters of the Middle Ages: Rui Lopez de Segura, Giovanni Leonardo, Alessandro Salvio, Giulio Cesare Polerio, Gioaquino Greco, Luis Ramirez de Lucena, Pedro Damian, Paolo Boi. 18th-century masters: Philippe Stamma, François-André Philidor, Giambatista Lolli, Domenico Ponziani, Ercole del Rio, Johann Algaier. Masters of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries - Jacob Sarrat, William Lewis, Alexander Deshapel, Louis de Labourdonnet, Alexander McDonnell, John Cochran, George Walker, Lionel Kieseritzky, Pierre de Saint-Aman, Ludwig Bleadow, Uncrowned Champions - Adolph Andersen, Paul Morphy, Ignaz Kolisch, Louis Paulsen, Leventhal.