The unity of the evolution of technical and living systems is the theme of this book. The author offers a new conceptual apparatus. One of the new concepts is a simple technical system. Describing it, new concepts are used, in turn - a simple technical idea, a hierarchy of abstract technical ideas and a population of products built on the basis of simple technical systems. All this makes it possible to compare the author's concept with explanations of the evolution of technologies developed in the theory of solving inventive problems (TRIZ), as well as with modern theories of biological evolution.