The textbook is written taking into account new data obtained as a result of space, geophysical, oceanological, isotope and other studies and which led to a significant revision of ideas about the Earth, its origin as a planet, internal structure, nature of tectonic movements and deformations, volcanism, causes of seismic activity, cover glaciations, geological activities of the sea, etc. For students of geological specialties of universities, geophysicists, geographers, soil scientists.