Based on the analysis of extensive historical material and modern research, an attempt was made to rethink the history of interethnic relations in Russia and the USSR. The author's concept of the history and practice of the national question makes it possible to explain and reflect in a new way the peculiarities of the development of the Russian nation and interethnic relations in the country. New approaches to the development of modern national policies are being proposed. Of interest to a wide range of readers.