The collective monograph with the participation of philosophers from Russia, Great Britain, India, Iraq, Iran, Lithuania, Syria, USA, Turkey, France, Germany and Japan was prepared on the basis of the materials of the 3rd Moscow International Conference on Comparative Philosophy, held with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation. The content of the monograph is general theoretical problems, but which leads to world discourse. These problems are among those that are not subject to a short-term solution and will remain on the agenda for a long time.