The significance of the publication of this book in Russian can hardly be overestimated. This is a completely unique study that has no analogues on the foreseeable horizon of book publications. It is dedicated to the symbol as a subject that in different eras had different names and descriptions. Logicians who, thanks to Pierce, are accustomed to understanding the term symbol in the sense of a sign, it will be difficult to immediately switch to its usual use, in which the symbol is just opposed to the sign. Todorov takes the period of the crisis as the basis of the presentation - the end of the 18th century. At this time, the classic reflection on the symbol gives way to a romantic...