The book is devoted to the military history of the Smolensk war of 1632-1634. It examines in detail the question of the number and composition of the main Russian army at the decisive moment of this war, and on the basis of a number of unpublished archival sources it was established that an important stake in planning the war was made for the first time (in the history of Russia) formed on the Western model of the regiments of the new system (soldiers and Reytar). The author also made a fairly detailed review and analysis of the state and composition of the Russian army in the period after the end of the Troubles and before the start of the Smolensk War.