The monograph presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of the economic ties of the Ottoman Empire with Western countries and Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Economic interaction of historical and cultural regions is viewed through the prism of the economic cultures that have developed in them. One of the central places in the book is the development of the problem of introducing a person of traditional society to the culture of market relations. For specialists and students of orientalists, historians, economists, specialists and students in the history and theory of international economic relations, as well as for everyone interested in the history of the East and the history and theory of international economic relations.