The textbook discusses theoretical and methodological issues of ethnography and anthropology of childhood. Concepts relating to the problems of gender and the processes of socialization of boys and girls are disclosed, the features of socialization of children in modern conditions are shown. The sociocultural phenomenon of parenthood is analyzed, as well as specific educational practices. Although this book is addressed to university students, it will be useful to everyone who is associated with children: parents, teachers, psychologists. The book will also be of interest to historians, ethnographers, anthropologists, sociologists and other specialists in the field of humanitarian knowledge.